Outside Caracus on the hillside there are people living in shanty towns. Why is this, since Venezuela is rich? Couldn't the government do something about this?If Venezuela is so rich due to it's oil industry, then why are there still people living in shanties?
Any country you go to, rich or poor, has people living in shanty towns not just Venezuela. Only God's Kingdom can really solve that problem and others permanently.If Venezuela is so rich due to it's oil industry, then why are there still people living in shanties?
Like most places, the power and wealth is concentrated in a few people and organizations. It's not illegal, but then the world is not fair
Like anywhere else in the world, people have grown cold to the circumstances of others, and have become self absorbed. I once visited a casino area (Atlantic City) and was disgusted to see the poor and wealthy separated by the length of a two-way street.
This question sounds so innocent :P
Its because Caracas grew fast and it wasnt ready for such a growth, there was no or little planning done for that.
Many goverments didnt cared..................they cared on stealing the bigger ammount of money they could %26lt;.%26lt;.
Actually there are plans to aid these barrios
Read my answer to the question about the origin for further details :)
Mismanagement, political immaturity and poor institutions.
Too much corruption.
Wednesday, December 9, 2009
How can Americans stop the oil industry from getting even richer off of us?
Gas prices are out of control. I want to take a stand and make a change, but I don't know how to do it. Good ideas are always welcome, and I bet alot of you are thinking the same thing. So lets band together and do this!How can Americans stop the oil industry from getting even richer off of us?
By saving as much as you can. By refusing to buy and drive gas-guzzling vehicles, by thinking before using your car, and by always buying at the cheapest price available. If everybody did that, the problem would be halved, but unless you citizens get your gouvernment to stop the war in Iraq and to stop threatening Iran, the price of oil will be higher than it would be otherwise.How can Americans stop the oil industry from getting even richer off of us?
But cbjack is dead right. Report Abuse
The only thing we can really do is to stop using anything produced with oil. That would include all of the gas for our cars, buses, airplanes, household appliances, etc. Oil prices are so high because they can be. Unless you're willing to give up everything and live as the cavemen did, there's not really anything we can do about it.
Sorry.
You listen to the whining socialists to much. The oil companies make about a 10% profit. Typical for corporations. The big money is going to the OPEC countries, not our own oil companies. That 10% profit of our oil companies is given to the stockholders. Individuals and pension funds. Want to hurt retired people? Mad at people who invest for their own future? Get mad at OPEC and at the speculators who are the ones actually driving up the price of oil. And get mad at the environmental wackos who have prevented the USA from drilling for our own oil and from building new, more efficient refineries.
The only way to lower the price is for government to take over the oil industry. That is socialism. That will result in shortages and even making gas impossible to buy like in Russia. Better we have expensive gas than no gas.
how do you know that the worlds biggest energy fields/reserves (ie Russian) are not driving the rises in oil prices and getting you to beleive the al qaida man on the streeet is responsible? because they hated the afgans ever since they went to war with them. So in effect perhaps your fighting Russia's battles for them like you did in ww2.
For one thing, if you want oil prices to go down, perhaps you should start creating your own oil
The U.S. is rich in natural resources, and there's no telling how much oil can be found in places like Montana
Everytime someone wants to build a refinery, the enviroment groups go absolutely insane.
change in government.
boycotting even for just aweek in certain places.
';going green';
demanding answers.
How conceited.
The whole WORLD is paying too much for Oil , thanks to America. Food prices are rocketing as a direct result.
I don't want to. I have gold shares to keep in tact!
ha ha ha ha .. you tickle me!
By saving as much as you can. By refusing to buy and drive gas-guzzling vehicles, by thinking before using your car, and by always buying at the cheapest price available. If everybody did that, the problem would be halved, but unless you citizens get your gouvernment to stop the war in Iraq and to stop threatening Iran, the price of oil will be higher than it would be otherwise.How can Americans stop the oil industry from getting even richer off of us?
But cbjack is dead right. Report Abuse
The only thing we can really do is to stop using anything produced with oil. That would include all of the gas for our cars, buses, airplanes, household appliances, etc. Oil prices are so high because they can be. Unless you're willing to give up everything and live as the cavemen did, there's not really anything we can do about it.
Sorry.
You listen to the whining socialists to much. The oil companies make about a 10% profit. Typical for corporations. The big money is going to the OPEC countries, not our own oil companies. That 10% profit of our oil companies is given to the stockholders. Individuals and pension funds. Want to hurt retired people? Mad at people who invest for their own future? Get mad at OPEC and at the speculators who are the ones actually driving up the price of oil. And get mad at the environmental wackos who have prevented the USA from drilling for our own oil and from building new, more efficient refineries.
The only way to lower the price is for government to take over the oil industry. That is socialism. That will result in shortages and even making gas impossible to buy like in Russia. Better we have expensive gas than no gas.
how do you know that the worlds biggest energy fields/reserves (ie Russian) are not driving the rises in oil prices and getting you to beleive the al qaida man on the streeet is responsible? because they hated the afgans ever since they went to war with them. So in effect perhaps your fighting Russia's battles for them like you did in ww2.
For one thing, if you want oil prices to go down, perhaps you should start creating your own oil
The U.S. is rich in natural resources, and there's no telling how much oil can be found in places like Montana
Everytime someone wants to build a refinery, the enviroment groups go absolutely insane.
change in government.
boycotting even for just aweek in certain places.
';going green';
demanding answers.
How conceited.
The whole WORLD is paying too much for Oil , thanks to America. Food prices are rocketing as a direct result.
I don't want to. I have gold shares to keep in tact!
ha ha ha ha .. you tickle me!
What is the best effective method to treat water effluents in palm oil industry?
Aerobic treatment of palm oil mill effluent
K. Vijayaraghavan, a, , Desa Ahmada and Mohd Ezani Bin Abdul Aziza
aDepartment of Biological %26amp; Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Received 7 February 2005; revised 28 November 2005; accepted 29 November 2005. Available online 3 April 2006.
Abstract
In this study treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) was investigated using aerobic oxidation based on an activated sludge process. The effects of sludge volume index, scum index and mixed liquor suspended solids during the acclimatizing phase and biomass build-up phase were investigated in order to ascertain the reactor stability. The efficiency of the activated sludge process was evaluated by treating anaerobically digested and diluted raw POME obtained from Golden Hope Plantations, Malaysia. The treatment of POME was carried out at a fixed biomass concentration of 3900卤200 mg/L, whereas the corresponding sludge volume index was found to be around 105卤5 mL/g. The initial studies on the efficiency of the activated sludge reactor were carried out using diluted raw POME for varying the hydraulic retention time, viz: 18, 24, 30 and 36 h and influent COD concentration, viz: 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 mg/L, respectively. The results showed that at the end of 36 h of hydraulic retention time for the above said influent COD, the COD removal efficiencies were found to be 83%, 72%, 64%, 54% and 42% whereas at 24 h hydraulic retention time they were 57%, 45%, 38%, 30% and 27%, respectively. The effectiveness of aerobic oxidation was also compared between anaerobically digested and diluted raw POME having corresponding CODs of 3908 and 3925 mg/L, for varying hydraulic retention time, viz: 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54 and 60 h. The dissolved oxygen concentration and pH in the activated sludge reactor were found to be 1.8鈥?.2 mg/L and 7鈥?.5, respectively. The scum index was found to rise from 0.5% to 1.9% during the acclimatizing phase and biomass build-up phase.
2.POME treatment technology
During the processing of fresh fruit bunches (FFB), water is the most needed resource. To process one tonne of FFB, typically 1.5 m3 of water is used (Industrial Processes and The Environment Handbook No.3, 1999). Out of this
amount, 50% will be released as POME and the rest of the water is lost as steam and boiler blow down, wash waters and leakage.Based on the statistical value of total crude
palm oil production in May 2001, the production of 985,063 tonnes of crude palm oil means a total of 1,477,595 m3 of water was used, and 738,797 m3 was released as POME, in that month alone. Without proper treatment, this wastewater
will pollute watercourses receiving it. The current treatment technology of POME typically consists of biological aerobic and anaerobic digestion. Biologically treated effluent is
disposed of via land application system, thus providing essential nutrients for growing plants.This method may be a good choice for disposal of treated effluent. However, considering the rate of daily wastewater production, for example,approximately 26 m3 per day for an average palm
oil mill with an operating capacity of 35 tonnes FFB per day, it is doubtful that the surrounding plantations receiving it could efficiently absorb all the treated effluent.Another new technology under research is the zero waste evaporation technology. By evaporating the POME, water can be recovered while the residual solid content can be utilized as fertilizer.Although this method reclaims about 80% of water from POME, a major drawback is the high energy requirement (Ma, 1996).Since the ultimate goal of wastewater management is towards zero discharge, the best wastewater treatment scheme is inevitably a treatment
that allows 100% reuse and recycling of wastewater.If one considers the volume of water needed by the crude palm oil milling industry, the practice of releasing treated wastewater without further reuse in-house is a wasteful exercise.
Another alternative to minimize fresh water and energy consumption is to reuse wastewater directly from the final treatment pond. This could be as feed water for boiler or hydro cyclone. However,if this is the solution, a higher quality of treated water is required especially when it is to be used
as boiler feed water. The current treatment system of anaerobic followed by aerobic degradation is not capable of producing such high quality treated effluent.
duce higher quality effluent is through the use of membrane technology at the tertiary treatment stage. Membrane treatment is capable of providing a highly efficient treatment, requires minimal energy, and does not introduce any additives to the waste stream.There are many membrane process applications on water and wastewater treatment that has proven to be efficient. Membrane technology covers a large spectrum of separation techniques,ranging from reverse osmosis to microfiltration.Among the various membrane processing technologies,ultrafiltration offers an attractive option for wastewater treatment. It is a low pressure-driven membrane process retaining most effectively
macromolecules sized within 0.001 鈥?0.02 飩祄.
Although the biologically treated POME is already low in biodegradable organic contents, it still possesses significant amount of persistent cellulosic materials and oily residues that usually occur in the form of macromolecules.With membrane ultrafiltration, these molecules could be separated from the waste stream thus producing a higher quality effluent. In this research project, a study has been carried out to examine the feasibility of using membrane ultrafiltration for the final treatment of POME extracted
from the aerobic treatment pond. The general objectives are to
(i) Evaluate the effectiveness of membrane
ultrafiltration of treated POME and
(ii) Investigate the possibilities of water reuse and water recycling of the membrane-filtered treated POME.
Methodology
The experimental part of this study followed the sequence as shown below:
Sample collection
An adequate quantity of sample was collected from a palm oil mill. A portion of the raw sample was preserved and the characteristics of the raw sample were analysed.
(i) Pre-treatment of samples Three types of pre-treatment were applied separately to compare the effectiveness of
each treatment. These treatments were:
A) Filtration
B) Centrifugation
C) Coagulation
(ii) Stirred-cell ultrafiltration
After pre-treatment, samples were ultrafiltered using a bench-scale stirred cell ultrafiltration unit (Spectrum Molecular/Por Stirred Cell-Model No.20062). The membrane material used
was 76-mm Spectrum Cellulose Ester Disc with
MWCO of 5000. A few aspects were studied.
The following parameters were investigated:
a) Pure water flux
Pure water flux characteristics for the membrane was obtained by filtering deionised water at an increment of every 1 bar of transmembrane pressure (from 1 bar to 7 bar).
b) Sample Flux
Flux for each pre-treated sample was obtained for comparison purpose. The flux was observed in the range of 1 bar to 7 bar of transmembrane pressure.
c) Variation of pH value of sample In order to investigate the effect of pH value on rejection characteristics (COD, total solids,suspended solids, ammoniacal nitrogen, total
nitrogen and colour), ultrafiltration of filtered and
centrifuged samples were conducted at two different
pH values at transmembrane pressures of 4.5 bar and 7.0 bar. The two pH values were pH 8 (original value of effluent) and pH 2.2 (pH at iso-electric point of cellulose membrane)(Bowen and Clark, 1984).
Ultrafiltration of the sample that was pretreated with coagulation technique was lastly carried out at the pH value that gave better rejection characteristics on the filtered and coagulated samples.
d) Variation of transmembrane pressure To study the effect of pressure on rejection characteristics, samples pre-treated using filPalm oil mill effluent (POME) filtration and centrifugation methods were ultrafiltered at 2 different values of TMP. Duplicate runs for each sample at TMP of 4.5 bar and 7.0 bar were undertaken. The TMP that gave the
better rejection characteristics was then applied for
ultrafiltration of the sample that was pre-treated using the coagulation technique.
(iii) Characteristic analysis of samples In order to evaluate the efficiency of membrane ultrafiltration, selected parameters were chosen to characterize the various samples
(raw, pre-treated and permeate). These parameters
are of great importance for effluent characterization
and the values need to meet the level of statutory discharge limits in the Environmental Quality Act (Prevailing Effluent Discharge Standards for Crude Palm Oil Mills, 1984) before being released into watercourses. The parameters are
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Ammoniacal
Nitrogen (AN), Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN),
suspended solids (SS), turbidity and colour.
Results and Discussion
To study the overall treatment efficiency of pre-treatment followed by ultrafiltration, a comparison between untreated and treated sample is necessary.
a) Filtration 鈥?ultrafiltration pretreatment From Figure 1, it is clear that the filtration-ultrafiltration system was able to bring down parameter measurements extensively. Suspended
solids, turbidity and colour content were the best.
treated parameters, with percentage removal reaching 99.2%, 7.9% and 98.2% respectively.COD level was reduced to less than 200 mg/L from the original 1336 mg/L. Total nitrogen concentration was 25.4 mg/L after treatment, showing a 78.8% reduction. Ammoniacal nitrogen only
recorded a 5.8 mg/L improvement, equivalent to 21.3% percentage reduction.
b) Centrifugation 鈥?ultrafiltration pretreatment
For centrifugation-ultrafiltration system,as shown in Figure 2, the final quality of the treated sample was not as remarWhat is the best effective method to treat water effluents in palm oil industry?
Turning palm oil waste into drinking water
NIBONG TEBAL: While Singapore has NEWater, which is waste water that has been purified, Malaysia may soon have drinking water from palm oil waste.
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) has scored another first by inventing a system which can turn palm oil waste into drinking water.
USM School of Chemical Engineering鈥檚 dean Professor Abdul Latif Ahmad鈥檚 invention is called the ';novel membrane-based treatment system'; which turns palm oil mill effluents (POME) into crystal clear drinking water.
The environment-friendly technology is set to reduce water pollution as it will help ensure zero discharge of palm oil waste into rivers.
';This invention is an innovative and cost-effective way of preventing sludge from making its way into the rivers and polluting them,'; Abdul Latif said.
At the School of Chemical Engineering in the USM Engineering campus here yesterday, Abdul Latif said he had been working on the project for the past 10 years with a RM500,000 grant provided by Yayasan Felda.
He said the system would help in ensuring a sustainable development of the palm oil industry as it emphasises zero discharge. He said most palm oil mills used the conventional method of treating palm oil waste with the biological treatment system.
';This system uses bacteria to eat and digest the dirty substances in the palm oil waste, which is not really effective as the waste is still murky when released into the river.';
He said his invention only required four steps to treat the waste before it became clean enough to drink.
He said his team of researchers managed to design and set up a membrane pilot plant locally at a cost of RM150,000.
';It is not only cost effective but also uses Malaysian technology,'; he said, adding that a similar pilot plant designed and fabricated overseas costs more than RM500,000
K. Vijayaraghavan, a, , Desa Ahmada and Mohd Ezani Bin Abdul Aziza
aDepartment of Biological %26amp; Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Received 7 February 2005; revised 28 November 2005; accepted 29 November 2005. Available online 3 April 2006.
Abstract
In this study treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) was investigated using aerobic oxidation based on an activated sludge process. The effects of sludge volume index, scum index and mixed liquor suspended solids during the acclimatizing phase and biomass build-up phase were investigated in order to ascertain the reactor stability. The efficiency of the activated sludge process was evaluated by treating anaerobically digested and diluted raw POME obtained from Golden Hope Plantations, Malaysia. The treatment of POME was carried out at a fixed biomass concentration of 3900卤200 mg/L, whereas the corresponding sludge volume index was found to be around 105卤5 mL/g. The initial studies on the efficiency of the activated sludge reactor were carried out using diluted raw POME for varying the hydraulic retention time, viz: 18, 24, 30 and 36 h and influent COD concentration, viz: 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 mg/L, respectively. The results showed that at the end of 36 h of hydraulic retention time for the above said influent COD, the COD removal efficiencies were found to be 83%, 72%, 64%, 54% and 42% whereas at 24 h hydraulic retention time they were 57%, 45%, 38%, 30% and 27%, respectively. The effectiveness of aerobic oxidation was also compared between anaerobically digested and diluted raw POME having corresponding CODs of 3908 and 3925 mg/L, for varying hydraulic retention time, viz: 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54 and 60 h. The dissolved oxygen concentration and pH in the activated sludge reactor were found to be 1.8鈥?.2 mg/L and 7鈥?.5, respectively. The scum index was found to rise from 0.5% to 1.9% during the acclimatizing phase and biomass build-up phase.
2.POME treatment technology
During the processing of fresh fruit bunches (FFB), water is the most needed resource. To process one tonne of FFB, typically 1.5 m3 of water is used (Industrial Processes and The Environment Handbook No.3, 1999). Out of this
amount, 50% will be released as POME and the rest of the water is lost as steam and boiler blow down, wash waters and leakage.Based on the statistical value of total crude
palm oil production in May 2001, the production of 985,063 tonnes of crude palm oil means a total of 1,477,595 m3 of water was used, and 738,797 m3 was released as POME, in that month alone. Without proper treatment, this wastewater
will pollute watercourses receiving it. The current treatment technology of POME typically consists of biological aerobic and anaerobic digestion. Biologically treated effluent is
disposed of via land application system, thus providing essential nutrients for growing plants.This method may be a good choice for disposal of treated effluent. However, considering the rate of daily wastewater production, for example,approximately 26 m3 per day for an average palm
oil mill with an operating capacity of 35 tonnes FFB per day, it is doubtful that the surrounding plantations receiving it could efficiently absorb all the treated effluent.Another new technology under research is the zero waste evaporation technology. By evaporating the POME, water can be recovered while the residual solid content can be utilized as fertilizer.Although this method reclaims about 80% of water from POME, a major drawback is the high energy requirement (Ma, 1996).Since the ultimate goal of wastewater management is towards zero discharge, the best wastewater treatment scheme is inevitably a treatment
that allows 100% reuse and recycling of wastewater.If one considers the volume of water needed by the crude palm oil milling industry, the practice of releasing treated wastewater without further reuse in-house is a wasteful exercise.
Another alternative to minimize fresh water and energy consumption is to reuse wastewater directly from the final treatment pond. This could be as feed water for boiler or hydro cyclone. However,if this is the solution, a higher quality of treated water is required especially when it is to be used
as boiler feed water. The current treatment system of anaerobic followed by aerobic degradation is not capable of producing such high quality treated effluent.
duce higher quality effluent is through the use of membrane technology at the tertiary treatment stage. Membrane treatment is capable of providing a highly efficient treatment, requires minimal energy, and does not introduce any additives to the waste stream.There are many membrane process applications on water and wastewater treatment that has proven to be efficient. Membrane technology covers a large spectrum of separation techniques,ranging from reverse osmosis to microfiltration.Among the various membrane processing technologies,ultrafiltration offers an attractive option for wastewater treatment. It is a low pressure-driven membrane process retaining most effectively
macromolecules sized within 0.001 鈥?0.02 飩祄.
Although the biologically treated POME is already low in biodegradable organic contents, it still possesses significant amount of persistent cellulosic materials and oily residues that usually occur in the form of macromolecules.With membrane ultrafiltration, these molecules could be separated from the waste stream thus producing a higher quality effluent. In this research project, a study has been carried out to examine the feasibility of using membrane ultrafiltration for the final treatment of POME extracted
from the aerobic treatment pond. The general objectives are to
(i) Evaluate the effectiveness of membrane
ultrafiltration of treated POME and
(ii) Investigate the possibilities of water reuse and water recycling of the membrane-filtered treated POME.
Methodology
The experimental part of this study followed the sequence as shown below:
Sample collection
An adequate quantity of sample was collected from a palm oil mill. A portion of the raw sample was preserved and the characteristics of the raw sample were analysed.
(i) Pre-treatment of samples Three types of pre-treatment were applied separately to compare the effectiveness of
each treatment. These treatments were:
A) Filtration
B) Centrifugation
C) Coagulation
(ii) Stirred-cell ultrafiltration
After pre-treatment, samples were ultrafiltered using a bench-scale stirred cell ultrafiltration unit (Spectrum Molecular/Por Stirred Cell-Model No.20062). The membrane material used
was 76-mm Spectrum Cellulose Ester Disc with
MWCO of 5000. A few aspects were studied.
The following parameters were investigated:
a) Pure water flux
Pure water flux characteristics for the membrane was obtained by filtering deionised water at an increment of every 1 bar of transmembrane pressure (from 1 bar to 7 bar).
b) Sample Flux
Flux for each pre-treated sample was obtained for comparison purpose. The flux was observed in the range of 1 bar to 7 bar of transmembrane pressure.
c) Variation of pH value of sample In order to investigate the effect of pH value on rejection characteristics (COD, total solids,suspended solids, ammoniacal nitrogen, total
nitrogen and colour), ultrafiltration of filtered and
centrifuged samples were conducted at two different
pH values at transmembrane pressures of 4.5 bar and 7.0 bar. The two pH values were pH 8 (original value of effluent) and pH 2.2 (pH at iso-electric point of cellulose membrane)(Bowen and Clark, 1984).
Ultrafiltration of the sample that was pretreated with coagulation technique was lastly carried out at the pH value that gave better rejection characteristics on the filtered and coagulated samples.
d) Variation of transmembrane pressure To study the effect of pressure on rejection characteristics, samples pre-treated using filPalm oil mill effluent (POME) filtration and centrifugation methods were ultrafiltered at 2 different values of TMP. Duplicate runs for each sample at TMP of 4.5 bar and 7.0 bar were undertaken. The TMP that gave the
better rejection characteristics was then applied for
ultrafiltration of the sample that was pre-treated using the coagulation technique.
(iii) Characteristic analysis of samples In order to evaluate the efficiency of membrane ultrafiltration, selected parameters were chosen to characterize the various samples
(raw, pre-treated and permeate). These parameters
are of great importance for effluent characterization
and the values need to meet the level of statutory discharge limits in the Environmental Quality Act (Prevailing Effluent Discharge Standards for Crude Palm Oil Mills, 1984) before being released into watercourses. The parameters are
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Ammoniacal
Nitrogen (AN), Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN),
suspended solids (SS), turbidity and colour.
Results and Discussion
To study the overall treatment efficiency of pre-treatment followed by ultrafiltration, a comparison between untreated and treated sample is necessary.
a) Filtration 鈥?ultrafiltration pretreatment From Figure 1, it is clear that the filtration-ultrafiltration system was able to bring down parameter measurements extensively. Suspended
solids, turbidity and colour content were the best.
treated parameters, with percentage removal reaching 99.2%, 7.9% and 98.2% respectively.COD level was reduced to less than 200 mg/L from the original 1336 mg/L. Total nitrogen concentration was 25.4 mg/L after treatment, showing a 78.8% reduction. Ammoniacal nitrogen only
recorded a 5.8 mg/L improvement, equivalent to 21.3% percentage reduction.
b) Centrifugation 鈥?ultrafiltration pretreatment
For centrifugation-ultrafiltration system,as shown in Figure 2, the final quality of the treated sample was not as remarWhat is the best effective method to treat water effluents in palm oil industry?
Turning palm oil waste into drinking water
NIBONG TEBAL: While Singapore has NEWater, which is waste water that has been purified, Malaysia may soon have drinking water from palm oil waste.
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) has scored another first by inventing a system which can turn palm oil waste into drinking water.
USM School of Chemical Engineering鈥檚 dean Professor Abdul Latif Ahmad鈥檚 invention is called the ';novel membrane-based treatment system'; which turns palm oil mill effluents (POME) into crystal clear drinking water.
The environment-friendly technology is set to reduce water pollution as it will help ensure zero discharge of palm oil waste into rivers.
';This invention is an innovative and cost-effective way of preventing sludge from making its way into the rivers and polluting them,'; Abdul Latif said.
At the School of Chemical Engineering in the USM Engineering campus here yesterday, Abdul Latif said he had been working on the project for the past 10 years with a RM500,000 grant provided by Yayasan Felda.
He said the system would help in ensuring a sustainable development of the palm oil industry as it emphasises zero discharge. He said most palm oil mills used the conventional method of treating palm oil waste with the biological treatment system.
';This system uses bacteria to eat and digest the dirty substances in the palm oil waste, which is not really effective as the waste is still murky when released into the river.';
He said his invention only required four steps to treat the waste before it became clean enough to drink.
He said his team of researchers managed to design and set up a membrane pilot plant locally at a cost of RM150,000.
';It is not only cost effective but also uses Malaysian technology,'; he said, adding that a similar pilot plant designed and fabricated overseas costs more than RM500,000
A good book about the Oil industry?
I am looking for a book that explains the oil industry, from the ground to our gas tanks. I want to know how it works, who makes money, who raises prices, everything. I don't want to be one of the people who complains about something we know nothing about.A good book about the Oil industry?
Oil on the Brain: Adventures from the Pump to the Pipeline
by: Lisa MargonelliA good book about the Oil industry?
SHELL has a few books.
But you could try the website www.howstuffworks.com
Oil on the Brain: Adventures from the Pump to the Pipeline
by: Lisa MargonelliA good book about the Oil industry?
SHELL has a few books.
But you could try the website www.howstuffworks.com
What happens to the US economy if the oil industry shift to using the Euro?
In the 1970's some genius decided that us dollars would no longer be backed by gold. With pressure Oil was sold on the international market by US dollars, this has become to be known as petro-dollars. The euro has flourished as a currency, overtaking the US dollar in a growing number of countries. Our own debt has resulted in a weakened dollar and higher oil costs. Will the US dollar become insignificant globally if oil states shift to the Euro? Would our economy collapse?
I am thinking depression would ensue as a result of the shift to the Euro. Selloffs of t-bills would compound the problem....but I am not an economist.What happens to the US economy if the oil industry shift to using the Euro?
If the Euro were to actually become the new petro-currency it would be bad for the US, but would not actually collapse our economy.
It would mean a much weaker dollar (higher costs of imports, etc) that would certainly not be good for us, but would not be world-ending.
The real important thing though, is that it is not going to happen. There are too many places (including the central banks of many foreign governments, China at the top), that have too many of our T-bills to even want to begin paying for their oil in anything but a dollar. If they do that, and the dollar falls through the floor, all of their investments fall through the floor too. It is a bit of a self-perpetuating cycle, and could lead to some very dire circumstances, but for the time being, no one is running from the dollar any time soon.What happens to the US economy if the oil industry shift to using the Euro?
It wouldn't be a huge deal; most nations who have large stocks of it do it for two reasons:
To artificially manipulate exchange rates in order to sell more to the US.
or
They realize that the investment opportunities in the US are are strong and inherently stable.
Total collapse of the economy resulting in the majority of the people being no better off than those in the Sudan. Only the rich will benefit, which is what they want.
That is a big problem. Everyone wants to get rid of the dollar but its no easy to do. If the dollar gets dumped your savings would vaporice but at the same time you dont want to keep accepting new dollars.
It is wise to ask what good are large dollar stockpiles when you cannot use them. That doesnt seem like real wealth to me, thats a scam. You are sitting on a mountain of money but cant use it? Please!
For a local pont of view all this talk about stockpiles and the such is irrelevant. If you are a private individual with a few thousand dollars you will change them to euros (or yens) as soon as you can and to hell with macroeconomic considerations! As a result the dollar may not have collapsed yet but has already lost HALF of its value.
Indeed, half. Are we clear about that? Half the value is gone and people still say ';Oh, the dollar is doing just fine, i love my american moeny LOL';.
HELL TO THE NO!!! i dont want to use no euro.... us dollars are more valuable (to me) and worth more......if u ask the common person they would rather have american money than the euro......albinism
I am thinking depression would ensue as a result of the shift to the Euro. Selloffs of t-bills would compound the problem....but I am not an economist.What happens to the US economy if the oil industry shift to using the Euro?
If the Euro were to actually become the new petro-currency it would be bad for the US, but would not actually collapse our economy.
It would mean a much weaker dollar (higher costs of imports, etc) that would certainly not be good for us, but would not be world-ending.
The real important thing though, is that it is not going to happen. There are too many places (including the central banks of many foreign governments, China at the top), that have too many of our T-bills to even want to begin paying for their oil in anything but a dollar. If they do that, and the dollar falls through the floor, all of their investments fall through the floor too. It is a bit of a self-perpetuating cycle, and could lead to some very dire circumstances, but for the time being, no one is running from the dollar any time soon.What happens to the US economy if the oil industry shift to using the Euro?
It wouldn't be a huge deal; most nations who have large stocks of it do it for two reasons:
To artificially manipulate exchange rates in order to sell more to the US.
or
They realize that the investment opportunities in the US are are strong and inherently stable.
Total collapse of the economy resulting in the majority of the people being no better off than those in the Sudan. Only the rich will benefit, which is what they want.
That is a big problem. Everyone wants to get rid of the dollar but its no easy to do. If the dollar gets dumped your savings would vaporice but at the same time you dont want to keep accepting new dollars.
It is wise to ask what good are large dollar stockpiles when you cannot use them. That doesnt seem like real wealth to me, thats a scam. You are sitting on a mountain of money but cant use it? Please!
For a local pont of view all this talk about stockpiles and the such is irrelevant. If you are a private individual with a few thousand dollars you will change them to euros (or yens) as soon as you can and to hell with macroeconomic considerations! As a result the dollar may not have collapsed yet but has already lost HALF of its value.
Indeed, half. Are we clear about that? Half the value is gone and people still say ';Oh, the dollar is doing just fine, i love my american moeny LOL';.
HELL TO THE NO!!! i dont want to use no euro.... us dollars are more valuable (to me) and worth more......if u ask the common person they would rather have american money than the euro......
What can Americans do about greed in the oil industry?
Are you using less gas now that prices are higher?What can Americans do about greed in the oil industry?
We as Americans can do several things. First call your senators and representatives and have them stop accepting bribes from GM and other car manufacturers who would like the continued suppression of alternate technologies for energy production. Complain to GM and Ford and Chrysler about their subsidized gas programs. These programs prevent the consumer from ';feeling'; the high prices of gasoline and so they are inclined to continue to guzzle it.
Second, buy cars that are fuel efficient. As a rule of thumb, for every Hummer that we have on the streets here in America, we'll need another Humvee in the middle east protecting America's interests and maintaining America's addiction to foreign oil. The American citizens are tired of paying for a war based on the irresponsible use of unrenewable resources.
Third, walk or ride a for bike short distances. We Americans drive everywhere. If we cut down on the amount of small trips we made with our cars we would not only eliminate pollution and use less fuel, but I have no doubt we'd all be a little slimmer too. And that (preventative health) will also drive down the cost of healthcare.
These are just a few. There are many other ways we could cut down on the foreign oil dependency problem.What can Americans do about greed in the oil industry?
shoot get some guys get the oil from iraq and bring it over here to low gas prices!!
Unfortunately, we are now seeing the results of the ';Hubbert Peak';, which is defined as the point where the cheapest, most plentiful oil has already been extracted, and it becomes more and more expensive to get the same amount of energy. The U.S. passed this peak in the 1970's, and the world has passed this peak within the last 3 years.
This was inevitable: we have based a significant portion of our economic abilities on fossilized material that was formed before the dinosaurs came around. Objectively, it's not the smartest move.
That being said, there is still time to turn this thing around. The U.S. has one major asset that most countries don't: tons and tons of unused, fertile land. Were we to simply require that all cars be built with E-85 ethanol capabilities, and require that SUVs get the same gas mileage as cars, we would instantly be independent from middle east oil. Furthermore, we have the capability to integrate bio-diesel into our system, just not the political will to stand up to big oil.
Big Oil is making its money while it can; it's hard to blame them. They, more than anyone else, recognize the gravity of the situation: the cheap, easy oil is gone forever. What's left will be expensive to drill, extract, and refine.
The question that we the American people need to decide is: are we willing to let an economic crisis determine our future need, or do we want to get proactive and solve this problem now while gasoline is still relatively inexpensive?
Americans can stop buying SUV's that get 7 miles to the gallon. They can carpool more effectively, and they can also walk, ride bicycles, and use public transportation more.
First we do need to start using less oil products. Second get ready to invest in and use alternative sources. Third do not use the sources that are developed by the existing oil company's,don't give those that have abused the population, by letting them stay in control of us.
don't buy any. Walk take the Bus, train.
Carpool.
Bus.
Subway.
Train.
Bicycle.
Hybrids.
40mpg cars.
Using Sport Utility Vehicles for camping instead of commuting.
Stop buying their products. As long as they know people are willing to pay, they have no incentive to change their ways. Unfortunately, modern society is way dependant on said products, and I wouldn't hold my breath waiting for a bunch of uber-rich people to stop liking money.
They can stop driving. Gas in the U.K. is already of $5 per gallon and has been for a while. We americans are just so used to it being inexpensive and now that the prices are going up we feel as though we are being attacked. If we don't like high gas prices, we could ride our bikes or walk to places and stop buying it. That would send the message the we don't want to pay the high prices. Instead we are buying the same amount of gas and complaining to each other about the prices we've paid. This accomplishes nothing other than annoying some people.
We can stop pointing our fingers at others, learn basic economics, make changes in our personal lives, stop trying to force others to live the way you want them to and get on with life and stop blaming others for your own problems.
Stop buying oil-based products. Supply %26amp; demand, and all that. If you stop demanding, the prices will drop.
Oil companies jack up prices as they please for record profits why? Because they have a monopoly on transportation. People need cars and planes and trains to move, cars need gas to move, therefore, people need gas. Stop needing gas and you won't have this problem. Walk. Ride a bike. Drive a golf cart, whatever.
Nope, Im filling all the cars and the boat every chance I get. Im watching my portfolio perfrom great! Oil greed lmao You're an idiot, Its called profit
With all the Technology of the World at the command of USA.,only the will power is needed to change the systems to electricity or other sources.REDUCE THE DEPENDENCE ON OIL,make life style changes,adopt electric metros,magnetic levitation trains as in Japan,convert to electric furnaces.When will the nuclear knowledge come to the rescue of humanity.Make cars run on electricity,for hauls up to to 125km,otherwise use metros or levitation technique .the World is looking for solutions to the USA,
Greed is the biggest enemy of humanity forget it .Also the struggle for oil will lesson the burden on the Americans.Unite ALL YOU AMERICANS guide the world do not show a pathetic face,demand the changeover to electricity.
Why just ask about oil.....what about greed in all the other industries.....what about greed among those who refuse to work, yet want to live off the taxes of those who actually work?!? Then maybe there wouldn't need to be soooo much taxes on gas and the prices could actually come down.
Ride your bike. Which would also help with Americans being so over weight. ';Two birds killed with one stone.'; said somebody.
Stop using the car so much:
Plan your shopping trips better. Get everything you need now and in the near future. Shop on-line when you can.
Make your car more fuel efficient:
Make sure your car is well tuned. Get low resistance tires put on the car and keep them inflated properly.
Use a bicycle on short trips.
Prepare to vote out those ';Multinational interest group'; bought Republicans out of office, in November.
We as Americans can do several things. First call your senators and representatives and have them stop accepting bribes from GM and other car manufacturers who would like the continued suppression of alternate technologies for energy production. Complain to GM and Ford and Chrysler about their subsidized gas programs. These programs prevent the consumer from ';feeling'; the high prices of gasoline and so they are inclined to continue to guzzle it.
Second, buy cars that are fuel efficient. As a rule of thumb, for every Hummer that we have on the streets here in America, we'll need another Humvee in the middle east protecting America's interests and maintaining America's addiction to foreign oil. The American citizens are tired of paying for a war based on the irresponsible use of unrenewable resources.
Third, walk or ride a for bike short distances. We Americans drive everywhere. If we cut down on the amount of small trips we made with our cars we would not only eliminate pollution and use less fuel, but I have no doubt we'd all be a little slimmer too. And that (preventative health) will also drive down the cost of healthcare.
These are just a few. There are many other ways we could cut down on the foreign oil dependency problem.What can Americans do about greed in the oil industry?
shoot get some guys get the oil from iraq and bring it over here to low gas prices!!
Unfortunately, we are now seeing the results of the ';Hubbert Peak';, which is defined as the point where the cheapest, most plentiful oil has already been extracted, and it becomes more and more expensive to get the same amount of energy. The U.S. passed this peak in the 1970's, and the world has passed this peak within the last 3 years.
This was inevitable: we have based a significant portion of our economic abilities on fossilized material that was formed before the dinosaurs came around. Objectively, it's not the smartest move.
That being said, there is still time to turn this thing around. The U.S. has one major asset that most countries don't: tons and tons of unused, fertile land. Were we to simply require that all cars be built with E-85 ethanol capabilities, and require that SUVs get the same gas mileage as cars, we would instantly be independent from middle east oil. Furthermore, we have the capability to integrate bio-diesel into our system, just not the political will to stand up to big oil.
Big Oil is making its money while it can; it's hard to blame them. They, more than anyone else, recognize the gravity of the situation: the cheap, easy oil is gone forever. What's left will be expensive to drill, extract, and refine.
The question that we the American people need to decide is: are we willing to let an economic crisis determine our future need, or do we want to get proactive and solve this problem now while gasoline is still relatively inexpensive?
Americans can stop buying SUV's that get 7 miles to the gallon. They can carpool more effectively, and they can also walk, ride bicycles, and use public transportation more.
First we do need to start using less oil products. Second get ready to invest in and use alternative sources. Third do not use the sources that are developed by the existing oil company's,don't give those that have abused the population, by letting them stay in control of us.
don't buy any. Walk take the Bus, train.
Carpool.
Bus.
Subway.
Train.
Bicycle.
Hybrids.
40mpg cars.
Using Sport Utility Vehicles for camping instead of commuting.
Stop buying their products. As long as they know people are willing to pay, they have no incentive to change their ways. Unfortunately, modern society is way dependant on said products, and I wouldn't hold my breath waiting for a bunch of uber-rich people to stop liking money.
They can stop driving. Gas in the U.K. is already of $5 per gallon and has been for a while. We americans are just so used to it being inexpensive and now that the prices are going up we feel as though we are being attacked. If we don't like high gas prices, we could ride our bikes or walk to places and stop buying it. That would send the message the we don't want to pay the high prices. Instead we are buying the same amount of gas and complaining to each other about the prices we've paid. This accomplishes nothing other than annoying some people.
We can stop pointing our fingers at others, learn basic economics, make changes in our personal lives, stop trying to force others to live the way you want them to and get on with life and stop blaming others for your own problems.
Stop buying oil-based products. Supply %26amp; demand, and all that. If you stop demanding, the prices will drop.
Oil companies jack up prices as they please for record profits why? Because they have a monopoly on transportation. People need cars and planes and trains to move, cars need gas to move, therefore, people need gas. Stop needing gas and you won't have this problem. Walk. Ride a bike. Drive a golf cart, whatever.
Nope, Im filling all the cars and the boat every chance I get. Im watching my portfolio perfrom great! Oil greed lmao You're an idiot, Its called profit
With all the Technology of the World at the command of USA.,only the will power is needed to change the systems to electricity or other sources.REDUCE THE DEPENDENCE ON OIL,make life style changes,adopt electric metros,magnetic levitation trains as in Japan,convert to electric furnaces.When will the nuclear knowledge come to the rescue of humanity.Make cars run on electricity,for hauls up to to 125km,otherwise use metros or levitation technique .the World is looking for solutions to the USA,
Greed is the biggest enemy of humanity forget it .Also the struggle for oil will lesson the burden on the Americans.Unite ALL YOU AMERICANS guide the world do not show a pathetic face,demand the changeover to electricity.
Why just ask about oil.....what about greed in all the other industries.....what about greed among those who refuse to work, yet want to live off the taxes of those who actually work?!? Then maybe there wouldn't need to be soooo much taxes on gas and the prices could actually come down.
Ride your bike. Which would also help with Americans being so over weight. ';Two birds killed with one stone.'; said somebody.
Stop using the car so much:
Plan your shopping trips better. Get everything you need now and in the near future. Shop on-line when you can.
Make your car more fuel efficient:
Make sure your car is well tuned. Get low resistance tires put on the car and keep them inflated properly.
Use a bicycle on short trips.
Prepare to vote out those ';Multinational interest group'; bought Republicans out of office, in November.
Where can i find the financial ratios' averages of the oil industry?
i`m in the middle of writing an assignment and i`m strugling a little. i've been trying to find these number with no luck for days. i dont wanna pay for any reports as they are very expensive. could any one give me the direct link to a web site i'm looking for please?Where can i find the financial ratios' averages of the oil industry?
Go to your local library and ask the librarian for the Oil Industry Reports from Standard and Poore's and Moody's. Everything you want should be in there.
These reports are sold and not on-line.
Go to your local library and ask the librarian for the Oil Industry Reports from Standard and Poore's and Moody's. Everything you want should be in there.
These reports are sold and not on-line.
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